Biodiversity Afforestation Model- Approach [BAMA]

1.0 TITLE

BIODIVERSITY AFFORESTATION MODEL– AN APPROACH [BAMA] FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF DEGRADED FOREST ECO-SYSTEMS
Jarnail Singh, IFS, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India.

2.0 ABSTRACT

Forest ecosystems with its biodiversity and landscape values constitute national natural heritage meant for conservation for posterity. To this end, national forest policy prescribes 1/3 of geographical area under forest cover and enunciates principal aim of the policy is to ensure environmental stability and ecological balance which are vital to sustenance of all life forms. Existing forest cover scenario [SFR, 2005] portrays a grim situation that unfolds vast expanses of 26.60 million hectares of wastelands and open tracts and 28.98 million ha of degraded forests for rehabilitation to improve their productivity and ecological value.

Numerous approaches are in vogue for rehabilitation of degraded forest ecosystems. Biodiversity afforestation approach tends to address ecological degradation, biodiversity conservation and landscape concerns of degraded ecosystems. Approach was developed in the Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests of Melghats, having 648 naturalized species, belonging to 97 families and 398 genera. Salient aspects of the Biodiversity Afforestation Approach are summed up, as under.

1] Biodiversity afforestation approach based on the following concepts;
i] For managing nature follow nature as model.
ii] Percepts and principles of sustainable management of forest resources.
iii] Management to conform with and enhance natural site factors.
2] Salient sequential components of approach include;
i] Assess species diversity and degradation status of site.
ii] Determine species composition and seral status of fairly undisturbed forest ecosystem, in vicinity of site.
3] Determine extent of biodiversity deficit and ecological degradation
4] Biodiversity afforestation model to address biodiversity deficit and eco-degradation.
i. Develop treatment map and plantation design for the site
ii. Implementation modalities and guidelines

The crux of the approach is to help nature restore itself in its natural form, bio-composition and ecological status. Biodiversity afforestation approach is a step in direction to find sustainable solution for rehabilitation open tracts and restoration of degraded forest ecosystems.

3.0 KEY WORDS

Biodiversity afforestation, forest ecosystem, eco-rehabilitation, sustainable forest management, sustainable solution, plantation design, species diversity, biodiversity deficit, etc.

4.0 INTRODUCTION

Natural forest ecosystems help maintain environmental stability and ecological balance and hence are vital for sustenance of life on Earth. They support and sustain varied life forms like plants, animals and micro-organisms and hence function as the storehouses of gene pool i.e. genome banks of biodiversity, an invaluable nature’s gift to mankind.

Each nation has a unique tract of evolutionary growth and so is its relation with other life forms and natural ecosystems. Plants and animals have been integral part of way of life of people and have been considered auspicious by many cultural communities, world over. Indian culture has been acknowledged as the fountainhead of the way of life lived in harmony with nature. Like an ocean or a jungle in many ways it resembles nature’s course of evolution where nature is seen in its entirety as process of creation, preservation, destruction and assimilation in the greater whole.

Prevailing forestry scenario in India portrays a grim situation that unfolds vast tracts of culturable non forest wastelands and degraded open forests for enrichment, eco-rehabilitation and restoration for improving their productivity, biodiversity and ecological health status. Numerous techniques and approaches were devised for rehabilitation and restoration of degraded forest ecosystems. However, concept of protection and maintenance of biodiversity and site factors have not been incorporated and integrated in afforestation/plantation models devised for restoration of degraded forest ecosystems. It, thus, calls for a comprehensive and holistic approach that would take care of biodiversity conservation and maintenance of site factors alongwith other objectives of plantation / afforestation programmes.



5.0 PRESENT SCENARIO [FOREST RESOURCES SCENARIO IN INDIA]

The Constitution of India provides for safeguarding forests, wildlife and natural environs as the fundamental duty of citizens and an obligatory function of the state under directive principles. Government of India through National Forest Policy, 1952 enunciated 1/3 of geographical area under forest cover for meeting the vital national needs of the nation including mitigation of climatic and physical conditions and maintenance of hydrological nutritional balance by launching massive plantation drive by involving institutions and people through vanmahotasava celebration.

National Forest Policy, 1988 of the Government of India defines the principal aim to ensure environment stability and maintenance of ecological balance which is vital for sustenance of all life forms, human, animals and plants and has outlined strategy of conservation for sustainable management of forest resources. It also embodies holistic approach in shape of essentials of forest management. It has also laid special focus on biodiversity conservation and scientific management of forests through approved working plans and has prescribed sustainable limits for exercise of rights and concessions. It recognizes role of minor forest produce for sustenance of tribal populations and their first right on it. Policy thus embodies changed worldview of nation that believes and honor right of existence of other life forms in tune with cultural ethos, embedded deeply in psyche and cultural milieu of people.

India is a vast country, extending over to over 328.73 million ha of geographical landscape, bestowed with natural beauty, uniqueness and naturo-cultural diversity. National natural heritage includes forest and tree cover extending over to 76.87 million ha, forming 23.40 % of its geographical limits. It, includes, 67.70 million ha of rich and varied forest types of distinct composition and form in the shape of forest cover and 9.17 million ha of tree cover on non forest tracts, which form 20.64 % and 2.80 %, respectively, of the total geographical area of the country [State of Forest Report 2005, FSI, GOI]. Existing forest cover scenario portrays a grim situation that unfolds vast expanses of 26.60 million hectares of culturable non forest area and 28.98 million ha of open degraded forests for enrichment, eco-rehabilitation and restoration to improve their productivity, biodiversity and ecological value.

In order to achieve this objective, in holistic way, the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India have launched National Forestry Action Programme- India, 1999 for rehabilitating degraded forests and greening culturable wastelands for improving productivity, biocomposition and ecology of stressed eco-systems. It incorporates massive plantations to the tune of 3.0 million ha per annum for a period of 20 years to afforest 29.00 million ha of non forest culturable wastelands and rehabilitation of 31.00 million ha of degraded forests.

5.1 HISTORY OF FORESTRY PLANTATION IN INDIA

The story of forestry plantations in India is as old as scientific management of forests. The earliest attempt was teak plantation, in Nilambur, Kerala, around 1840, intended for compensation of removal of teak from natural forests. The system was clear felling of natural forests followed by artificial regeneration i.e. planting. Plantations in the past were confined to a few high value commercial species like teak, rosewood, mahogany, toon, sal, etc. and that to a limited extent with objective to improve quality and productive potential of the growing stock. Subsequently, after independence, enunciation of new forest policy, in 1952, necessitated large scale plantations on degraded forest tracts and non forest wastelands for improving vegetation cover to the extent of 1/3 of geographic area and for improving productivity of forests. In 1980s, large scale plantations under social forestry scheme was undertaken to cater to fuel wood, fodder and small timber need of rural populations. In total, 28.38 million ha plantations have been raised by the end of 20th century, which is an impressive figure. However, success of plantations in term of survival, growth and yield has been far below to the potential. Inadequacies in site selection, site-species matching, nursery techniques, planting stock, maintenance, timely tending/thinning, trained staff, fund allocation, inappropriate models, etc. have been cited as causative factors for poor performance of plantations [National Forestry Action Programme-India, 1999].

The numerous approaches of plantation and afforestation undertaken in the past to enrich forest crops and to rehabilitate degraded forest areas are given, as under.

i] Pure plantations (monocultures) of species of commercial value, including teak, rosewood, mahogany, eucalyptus, pines, sal, toon, poplars etc. at defined spacing.
ii] Forest crops enrichment plantation of teak, shisham, bamboo, canes, etc. for improving crop density by undertaking plantations of commercial species.
iii] Mixed species plantation in blocks, lines and strips for improving forest cover, site factors and aesthetic value.
iv] Strip and line planting along roads, rails, canals, along the coastal tracts.
v] Plantations alongwith farm crops under tongia cultivation.
vi] Mixed species plantations in lines or in strips in urban avenues, green belts and woodlots around industries; and arid tracts to check spread of desertification.
vii] Plantation on government and community lands under social forestry and block or line plantation of fast growing commercial species on private lands under farm and agro-forestry.

All the above plantation models and approaches were objective specific and were focused on a few species of commercial value or specific utility significance. Mixed plantation models were not conclusive about the plantation design, species composition, arrangement of plantation, post plantation operations such as thinning, tending, bio-composition and form of prospective crop. As a consequence, plantations undertaken did not result in success to the desired extent and their impact on site conditions, species composition and ecology was not in conformity with surrounding ecosystems. It led to outcry and reaction from professional foresters, environmentalists and nature lovers against single species monocultures and ad hoc approaches of afforestation/plantation.

6.0 RESULTS

The following paras sum up results of some of the innovative approaches undertaken to focus and integrate biodiversity conservation aspect in forestry plantations for improving productivity, vitality and ecological value of ecosystems.

A study report on the ‘Pure and mixed forest plantations with native species of the dry tropics of Costa Rica: a comparison of growth and productivity’ indicates that native species grew better in the mixed plots. Pure plots of teak were most productive, compared to mixture of species. Mixed plantations with native species contribute more to sustainable management. Single-species plantations do not provide great range of goods and services when compared to the natural forest, mixed plantations are likely to increase range of benefits (Daniel at el., 2004).

Case studies on the effects of afforestation on biodiversity studied in Nordic countries under AFFORNORD project indicate that afforestation affects species richness of different functional groups in different ways. Number of species of vascular plants is negatively affected by afforestation. Shade tolerant plant groups replace original heathland communities. Fungi and soil invertebrates respond to afforestation with an increase in species richness. Number of bird species is similar between habitat types, but changes take place in species composition and breeding densities. Species richness of many groups can be affected by forest management (stand density and thinning regime) and choice of tree species. Afforestation strongly affects species composition in all functional groups. Some species disappear and others colonize the new habitat. It is therefore important to include strategies for conservation of biodiversity in forest planning and management in order to preserve areas that contain special habitat types or rare species (Asrun et al., 2007).
Results of ‘the early effects of afforestation on biodiversity of grasslands in Ireland’ indicate that 5 years after tree planting, there were significant changes in richness, composition and abundance of species. Vigorous grasses were more abundant in planted than in unplanted sites, as were generalist species found in both open and wooded habitats, while small-stature shade-sensitive species were less abundant. Vascular plant species richness and Shannon’s diversity index were higher in unplanted wet grasslands, than in the planted sites. Differences in biodiversity between planted and unplanted grasslands indicate that afforestation represents a threat to semi-natural habitats where distinctive and highly localized plant communities could potentially occur (Erika et al., 2008).
In tune with above studies, Biodiversity Afforestation Model-Approach [BAMA] tends to address ecological degradation, biodiversity conservation and landscape concerns of degraded ecosystems alongwith other objectives associated for afforestation/plantation. Approach was developed and implemented in Melghat forests, in Maharashtra state. Site observations carried out after 5 years, in the year 1997, indicate promising results, as follows.

i] Approach prima facie appears a bit complicated for implementation. It is however comprehensive and systematic; and was found practical and easy to operate once percepts and plantation design were demonstrated and understood by the staff.
ii] Growth of most of the species was promising and survival was more than 85 percent.
iii] Teak, Gmlina arborea and Dalbargia sisoo were conspicuous for growth and survival.
iv] Emergence of native ground flora like grasses, herbs, shrubs and climbers indicate improvement in soil conditions.
v] The overall composition vegetation represents a good mix of species, matching with its surrounding forest ecosystem thereby improving the species diversity of the site.

7.0 KEY ISSUES OF MANAGEMENT/TECHNOLOGY

7.1 HOLISTIC STRATEGY FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Over 150 years experience of scientific forestry, in India, has unfolded many concepts, systems, tools and techniques of sustainable forestry. Sustainable forestry remained illusionary, as before, probably due to reason that appropriate strategy or approach for sustainable management of forests has not been put in place for action. In view to this and to achieve policy objectives in, wholesome manner, dynamic, holistic and innovative management strategy under caption ‘Evolving holistic strategy for sustainable management of forest resources’ was evolved and put forth for management of forest resources [Singh, J. (1998) Indian Forester, Vol. 124 (6): 473-486]. The strategy is based on holistic treatment of forest ecosystem on watershed pattern and stresses site specific treatment on lines of watershed management strategy. It prescribes for natural/sustainable management by taking things and beings as they are in their natural setting. It proposes organization of micro-units into micro-watersheds and micro-watershed into ecosystems, which in turn form macro-unit of the geographical landscape. Natural units organized and aligned in defined pattern will provide natural framework for sustainable management of forest resources.

7.2 NATURE - AS MODEL TO FOLLOW

A cursory glance of our historical evolution indicates close association and harmony of our forefathers with nature. The four stage conception of life in sylvan ashrams, during the Vedic times, indicates that nature and culture were inter-twined so closely to form a universal cosmic family in the shape of Vasudevam Kutumbhkkam. Live and let live was the code of conduct for harmonious existence of various life forms. Love and respect for all life forms including trees and animals were essence of harmonious existence. Over the ages, these concepts have gone deep in psyche of people as guiding principles of way of life. Things, however, have undergone a major change with time leading to change in outlook and way of life of people which in turn is cause of stressful existence for all life forms. Wisdom of bygone era needs to be assimilated in our way of life and work-style so as to nurture harmonious relations with nature. Thus, to manage nature, follow nature as model, has been taken as basic premises for restoring degraded ecosystems to its pristine glory.

7.3 ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM

The key issue is to assess and determine ecological status of natural forest ecosystems. The ecological status [ES] of an ecosystem/eco-site is function of edaphic factors, climatic factors, vegetation diversity and composition, including, stock density, species diversity, forest type, structure and form; and ecosystem maturity. It is determined in term of Ecological Index [EI].

In view of invariability of edaphic and climatic factors for a reasonable span of time, Ecological Index may be defined as function of forest cover density, species diversity and change, type and form of forest crops; land use extent, air/environment pollution index and other adverse influences on the site or ecosystem, as follows.

Ecological Index [EI] = f (Forest Density, Species Diversity, Species Abundance, Ecosystem Maturity, Stability, Uniqueness, Species Gain (over a period-decade)]/ [Biotic Pressure, Annual Removal, Species Loss (over a period), Pollution Index, Intensity of Adverse Influences (Natural & Manmade hazards)]

The requisite parameters such as the forest cover density, species diversity, abundance, annual removal, etc. can be computed and determined by prevailing methods and modes. For instance, species diversity and abundance may be determined by Simpson’s Index of Diversity or Shannon’s Diversity Index, and vegetation cover may be determined from density indices, etc.

Ecological Index indicates ecological health status of forest ecosystems in terms of healthy and sick ecosystems on the basis of inclusive parameters and would conform to and correlate with forest cover, species diversity, environment pollution, etc.

7.4 INTEGRATING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

In order to ensure ecological health and vitality of forest ecosystems, there is a need to integrate biodiversity conservation in afforestation/plantation models and programs at local, regional and national level. Moreover, there is a need to develop comprehensive and systematic approach and model to address this issue holistically in professional manner. In tune with holistic strategy of sustainable management of forests and assuming nature as model to unfold, assimilate and follow, the Biodiversity Afforestation Model - Approach [BAMA] was developed and implemented in the Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests of Melghats, in Amravati district of Maharashtra State.

8.0 BIODIVERSITY AFFORESTATION MODEL - APPROACH [BAMA]

The salient components of Biodiversity Afforestation Model - Approach [BAMA] have been described and summed up, as follows.

8.1 SITE FACTORS AND TOPOGRAPHY OF AREA

Site chosen for implementation of the Biodiversity Afforestation Model - Approach [BAMA] situated in compartment number 252 of the East Melghat Forest Division, which forms a part of the Melghat forests situated on the southern branch of the Satpuda Hills, extending over to 3053 sq. km. Tract is hilly and consists succession of hills and valleys with abrupt variation in altitude, aspect and gradient. The rock is basaltic of the Deccan Trap origin. Soil is deep brown to rich red or black cotton soil with varying depth. The average rainfall is 1700 mm and is received mostly between months of June and October.

8.2 THE FORESTS AND SPECIES-COMPOSITION

Melghat forests are a unique tract of the Satpuda hills, known for its topography, composition, diversity and richness of flora and fauna. They form Dry Deciduous Mixed Type and classified as Group V Tropical Dry Deciduous forests and group V-A Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests (Champion and Seth, 1968). It consists of more than 648 naturalized species belonging to 97 families and 398 genera (Dhore and Joshi, 1988). Teak is the prominent species forms 50 % of growing stock and is fairly distributed throughout forming pure teak patches. Natural regeneration is deficient. Important teak associates include Adina cordifolia, Anogeissus latifolia, Lagerstromea parviflora, Terminalia tomentosa, Garuga pinnata, Mitragyna parviflora, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellerica, Madhuca latifolia, Sterculia urens, Schleichera oleosa, etc.

Under story consists of Lannea grandis, Ougeinia oojensis, Diospyrus melanoxylon, Wrightia tinctoria, Grewia tiliaefolia, Boswellia serrata, Gmelina arborea, Cassia fistula, Terminalia chebula, etc. Under story is not well defined and shrubby growth is rather sparse except Lantana camara which is very dense in most localities. Bamboos [Dendrocalamaus strictus] occur extensively and form chief under growth on moist areas. Grassy undergrowth is dense where bamboos and lantana are absent. Climbers are few and are generally confined to moist localities.

8.3 BIODIVERSITY AFFORESTATION MODEL- APPROACH [BAMA]

Biodiversity Afforestation Approach [BAMA] embodies holistic course of action to address eco-rehabilitation and restoration of degraded forests ecosystems in a well defined, sequential and planned way. It is based on the premises of sustainable management and essence of sustenance of natural ecosystems. The salient features of BAMA have been described, as follows.

A] BAMA is built on the following premises that form its foundation;
i] For managing nature and its systems, follow nature as the model.
ii] Percepts and principles of sustainable forest management.
iii] Management to conform with and enhance the natural site factors, species composition and ecological value of natural ecosystems, including, the landscape value.

B] The sequential action-components of the approach include, the following;
i] Assess and determine of tree species diversity [S1D1] and ecological status [E1I1] of site proposed for plantation or afforestation.
ii] Assess and determine species composition [S2D2] and ecological status [E2I2] of a fairly undisturbed forest ecosystem, in adjoins or vicinity of site.
iii] Determine extent of biodiversity deficit [S2D2- S1D1] and extent of ecological degradation [E2I2-E1I1].
C] Develop Biodiversity Afforestation/Plantation Model to address the biodiversity deficit and eco-degradation.
i] Develop Plantation Design and Treatment Map for the site
ii] Implementation modalities and guidelines

8.4 SPECIES COMPOSITION FOR AFFORESTATION MODEL.

i] Species composition and extent per hectare in forest ecosystem

In order to determine species composition per ha enumeration data of working plan of East Melghat Division was taken into consideration. Species composition of prominent tree species, their extent per ha and percentage composition was determined from the estimated growing stock. Name of species, its composition per ha and %age composition is given in the Table 1.

ii] Selection of species for biodiversity afforestation

For selection of species for afforestation and determining their composition and extent per ha for afforestation/plantation, species composition of the ecosystem was kept in consideration. Prime focus of the approach is that afforestation programme shall not in any way alter or change species composition of forest ecosystem but to restore, maintain and enhance biodiversity. Productivity, minor forest produce and wildlife utility aspects also require due space in species selection. Intent is to keep species and their composition more or less same as they exist in the forest ecosystem. Species selected for afforestation model and their composition per ha is given in the Table 2.

8.5 RAISING SELECTED SPECIES IN NURSERY

Species required for plantation/afforestation for a given site need to be raised well in advance to make them available at the time of planting. Many a species in the ecosystem do not respond to known propagation techniques whereas others are being slow growing need different time span to reach plantable size. There is need to establish high-tech nursery for raising selected species in adequate number for afforestation, as defined in the model. Nursery staff and manpower need training in advance propagation techniques, seed collection and treatment, raising seedling and record maintenance, etc. For purpose of plantation on the site in question 75,000 plants of 40 indigenous species were raised in Raipur nursery, East Melghat Division, in Amravati district.

8.6 DEVELOP AFFORESTATION/PLANTATION MODEL

i] TREATMENT MAP

Keeping in view floral species diversity of the site and subsequent thinning and tending operations for young plants, treatment map for biodiversity afforestation model for a site of 25 ha consisting of zone III areas in compartment number 252 was prepared. Area was divided into one ha units; each unit was further divided into 4 equal sub-units of 0.25 ha, each. Each sub-unit of 0.25 ha was assumed as minimum unit of treatment for biodiversity afforestation. Treatment Map for biodiversity afforestation of the site is given in the Figure 1.

ii] SPECIES COMPOSITION AND EXTENT IN EACH UNIT AND SUB-UNIT

Each Unit of 1 ha would have 2500 plants in total, including 1250 plants of Teak and 1250 plants of Mixed species.
Each Sub-unit of 0.25 ha would have 625 plants in total.
o Teak Sub-unit [T’s] - 600 [Teak] + 25 [Fx] = 625 plants
o Misc. Sub-unit [M’s] - 600 plants of Mixed species + 25 plants of Fruit species.
~ 450 [Mx] + 150 [MWx] + 25 [Fx] = 625 plants
Where, Mx; stands for Mixed species of general and specific utility.
MWx; stands for species of minor forest produce, medicinal, wildlife utility.
Fx; stands for Fruit species.

iii] PLANTATION DESIGN

A site of 25 ha could at the most contain 25 units of 1 ha, each and 100 units of ¼ ha, each. As per plantation design each unit was planned to have 50 % of Teak and 50 % of Mixed species. Diagonally opposite sub-units in each unit were planted with Teak at 2m x 2m spacing while other two sub-units have different Model Mixed species one in each sub unit at 2m x 2m spacing [Figure 2]. Minor forest produce and wildlife utility species were planted in each Mixed unit at 4m x 4m spacing and Fruit species were planted in the entire site at 10m x 10m spacing.

Teak and Mixed species of general and specific utility [M1, M2, --------M15] form basic species for the afforestation model. Minor Forest Produce and Wildlife Utility [MW1, MW2, ----------MW10] and Fruit species [F1, F2, ------F5] were planted in between model species as complementary species. Number of sub-units planted with Mixed species have been enumerated, in Table 3.

8.7 PLANTATION MODALITIES AND GUIDELINES

In view of comprehensive nature of the approach plantation modalities and guidelines including role and responsibility of the supervisory and field staff were developed and demonstrated to field staff, well in advance. Guidelines and modalities include, the following, in sequence.

i] Assessment of site conditions, species composition and ecological status by senior officer in the rank of the ACF or the Range Forest Officer.
Ii} Determine species composition and ecological status of the surrounding forest ecosystem by an officer not below the rank of the Range Forest Officer.
Iii} Determine biodiversity deficit and ecological degradation by the office staff under supervision of an officer of the ACF rank.
iv} Determine species for plantation and prepare Biodiversity Afforestation Model and Treatment Map by an officer not below the rank of ACF or RFO, under supervision of the DCF.
v] Instructions for nursery staff for raising selected species in defined numbers, in advance.
vi] Site preparation including division of site into units and subunits; numbering units as per treatment map, pre-plantation operations, etc.
vii] Plantation sequence and guidelines for field staff for orderly and effective implementation of Model as per Treatment Map.
viii] Post planting operations and modalities.
ix] Maintenance and upkeep of records on prescribed formats for nursery and plantation site.
x] Periodic monitoring, evaluation and review of approach and plantations.

Even though the model prescribes plantation of single species in each sub unit [0.25 ha] yet overall composition of species diversity of the site would be more or less same as composition and diversity of the surrounding ecosystem.

9.0 CONCLUSION

Biodiversity Afforestation Model – Approach [BAMA] is based upon premises that nature can best be managed by following nature as model. It also embodies principles and percepts of sustainable management of forest ecosystems on holistic framework of watershed approach and essence of coexistence with other life forms in harmony. It intends to integrate biodiversity conservation and ecological value aspects in plantation forestry, afforestation, technical modes and approaches.

BAMA dwell further and prescribes for species composition and extent per unit for plantation in shape of Afforestation/Plantation model. It also integrates specific functional species such as species of general and specific utility, minor forest produce, species of medicinal, wildlife utility; and fruit species to cater to local nutritional needs. It also provides plantation design, treatment map, spacing for various functional groups and plantation, modalities and guidelines for implementation of plantation.

Natural forest ecosystems with its diverse life forms and unique landscape characters have evolved over millions of years to its present composition, form and diversity. We know very little about their mystery and underlying processes. Any hurried intervention would have possibility of far-reaching irreversible impact on their form, composition and integrity. It is therefore imperative to prescribe limits for human endeavors in the form of management ethics or guidelines; suitable modes and mechanism like that of BAMA, so as, integrity, composition and ecological value of ecosystem shall not in any way alter or change in the process of management and use.

In view of grim forest resource scenario in India there is need to launch another green revolution to achieve task of greening India by using innovative ways and means. Approach, while integrating biodiversity conservation aspect of ecosystem management would also provide way ahead for eco-rehabilitation of vast stretch of degraded forests and wastelands that would help transform India into a strong, beautiful and green nation of our vision.

It is crucial that we should choose right and clean path to tread through nature without leaving any permanent mark on its face. We are on voyage to an unknown destination in the universe on Earth spaceship alongwith fellow life forms. We have every right to make our voyage a pleasant experience but without being a nuisance for fellow voyagers. Approach, thus, integrates life-centered worldview and cosmic vision rather than human-centered narrow view of dealing with natural ecosystems.

An old proverb says that when things are in crisis follow the nature. Nature enlightens mind, clears vision and directs action for seeking lasting solutions of problems. Hence, why in crisis, always follow the nature as model. The approach is simply a step in this direction.

9.0 REFERENCES

Anon. (1894). National Forest Policy, 1894. Circular No. 22-F, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI.
Anon. (1952). National Forest Policy, 1952. Resolution No. 13/52 F, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Anon. (1988). National Forest Policy, 1988. Resolution No. 3-1/86- FP, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India.
Anon. (2007). State of Forest Report, 2005. Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, Dehradun.
Joshi, P.P (1978). Working Plan for Melghat Forests, East and West Melghat Divisions.
Champion, H.G. and S.K. Seth (1968). A revised survey of the Forest Types of India; General silviculture for India, Manager of Publication, New Delhi.
Osmaston, F.C. (1968). The management of forests. International Book Distributors, Dehradun.
Troup, R.S. (1952). Silvi-culture Systems. 2nd Ed. E.W. Jones. Oxford University Press.
Dhore, D.A. and P.A. Joshi (1988). Flora of Melghat Tiger Reserve.
Lindenmayer, David B. (2002). Plantation Design and Biodiversity Conservation. RIRDC Publication, Kingston Act, Australia.
Erika Buscardo, George F. Smith, Daniel L. Kelly, Helena Freitas, Susan Iremonger, Fraser J. G. Mitchell, Saoirse O’Donoghue and Anne-Marie McKee (2008). The early effects of afforestation on biodiversity of grasslands in Ireland. An online Publication
Daniel Piotto, Edgar Víquez, Florencia Montagnini and Markku Kanninen (2004). Pure and mixed forest plantations with native species of the dry tropics of Costa Rica. An online Publication.
Singh, Jarnail (1994). Biodiversity Afforestation Model–An approach, Indian Forester, 120(9): 860-867.
Singh, Jarnail (1998). Evolving a holistic management strategy for forest resources. Indian Forester, 124(6): 473-483.
Singh, Jarnail (1999). Forest Policy Formulation: A need to review. Indian Forester, 125(1): 72-92.
Singh, Jarnail (2000). Evaluation of system approach and its relevance in present day management: An Introspective view. Indian Forester, 126(3): 213-233.
***

BIOPARK AT SEMINARY HILLS, NAGPUR

THEME: PROJECT PROPOSALS FOR BIODIVERSITY PARK, AT SEMINARY HILLS, NAGPUR


J. SIngh Germania

1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 The existence of life on earth is a consequence of millions of years of evolutionary process leading to formation of life support systems on this living planet. Natural ecosystems, with its rich floral biodiversity and landscape value constitute life support systems that ensure environmental balance and ecological security on this blue planet. They are the storehouses of gene pools viz. the genome banks of biodiversity- an invaluable nature’s gift to humanity.

1.2 Plants and animals have been the part of the way of life of people of diverse nations, communities and cultures, world over, and have been considered auspicious and sacred by various cultural communities. Articles 48-A and 51- A (g) of the Constitution of India bestows duty on each state and citizen to protect and conserve their natural environs, forests, rivers, water bodies and to have compassion for various life forms.

1.3 In this modern arena of stressful existence, need of green spaces, clean and pollution free environment has been acknowledged as the main concerns for hygienic and pollution free living. Greens such as the wilderness areas, Nature Parks, Bio Parks and Gardens play a critical role in developing green minds and hearts for generating conservation awareness and sensitivity about environmental issues and concerns. These Greens function as the conservation centers and the communication gateways for achieving objectives of ‘Mission Green India’ launched by the GOI in 2001 to achieve the prime aim of National Forest Policy viz. 1/3 of geographic area of the country under Green Cover [forest/tree cover] .


2.0 SALIENT FEATURES OF RAJ BHAVAN, NAGPUR AND ADJOINING TRACT

2.1 The proposed site in adjoins of Raj Bhavan, Nagpur is a unique site situated in the midst of Nagpur City- known for its strategic central location and geo-naturo-cultural diversity and richness. Raj Bhavan complex forms a part of the Seminary Hills forest tract, which has been acknowledged as one of the Green Lunges of this Orange City. It plays a significant role in ensuring the ecological security as well as maintenance of livable and healthy environment conditions in the city, known for its natural ambience and pollution free clean and green naturo-cultural milieu.

2.2 Nagpur city, as such, is known for its checkered history and diverse cultural milieu and background. It was established in the eighteenth century by a Gond king, named as Bakhat Buland. Later, the Bhosle rulers made it, as its capital, and ruled these areas, till 1817. British forces took over the administration of Nagpur region, in 1853 and made Nagpur city as the capital of the Central Provinces and Berar. After independence, it was capital of Central Province [Madhya Pradesh], till reorganization of states in 1956. After reorganization, Berar region was attached to Bombay state; and Nagpur lost its stature as the capital city. Subsequently, Maharashtra state was formed on 1st May 1960 with Nagpur as its second capital.

2.3 The history of the Raj Bhavan, Nagpur is equally checkered as that of the Nagpur city. It has acquired a distinct chronology; in it’s over 140 years of existence, since 1866, when it was first built up as a landmark site in Central India. It was named as the House of the Chief Commissioner, Central Province in 1891 and CP & Berar in 1903. In 1920, it was declared as Government House of Governor of the Central Provinces, and subsequently, for MP in 1947. In 1956, it assumed role of Government House of Governor of Bombay/ Maharashtra [in 1960]. In 1988, it was assigned status of Raj Bhavan in the second capital of Maharashtra.

2.4 Nagpur city- the city of Zero Mile- nestles midst Gondwanaland landscape - known for its ancient geological formation, natural scenic beauty, rich biodiversity, cultural values and ecological significance. Nagpur region is the confluence of biodiversity of different phyto-geographical regions viz. the north and south Indian flora and rich and diverse tribal (Gonds) culture. It is also unique in palaco-diversity of three geological eras, namely, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Nagpur region is also known for places of historical, cultural and religious significance. The famous Ramtek temple, Kalidas Smarak, Mansar, Ghugusgarh, Pench Dam, Pench National Park, Dhiksha Bhumi, Dragon Palace, Ambhora, Khekdanala, and Sewagram are significant for scenic value, nature interpretation and cultural point of view.

2.5 The climate of Nagpur is hot and dry with distinct three seasons, namely, summer, rainy and winter seasons. Summer begins in mid-February and continues till onset of the monsoon, in the middle of June. April and May are very hot months and the day temperature soars up to 46º C. Rains bring respite from the blistering heat, in the middle of June and continue till the end of September. Remaining part of the year is very pleasant both for leisure and action.

2.6 Socio-Economic Survey Report (2000-2001) provides insight into the current socio-cultural scenario of the Nagpur region. The population of the Nagpur district (Census-2001) is 40.50 Lakhs, of which, about 64.36 percent is urban and 35.64 percent live in the rural areas. Gonds, Korkus, Kolams, Marias, etc. are the main tribal communities of this region having distinct way of life and belief, so akin to natural way of life. Their unique way of life and culture milieu provide soothing cues to the distressed humanity in search of peace, tranquility and harmony.

2.7 Landscape of Nagpur region is undulating and well drained and falls in the catchments of the Wardha and the Wainganga rivers. These river systems and their catchments constitute the lifeline of Nagpur and its adjoining area. Gondwana landscape represents floral and faunal wealth of the Central Highlands, a unique bio-geographical unit of great ecological significance in Central India. Recently, it has earned the reputation of a ‘clean and green city’ in the region. It is acknowledged as the Global Tiger Capital and, hence, an important destination for visitors from India and abroad.

2.8 Nagpur is well connected to various PAs and Eco-sites of unique conservation values to provide diverse and viable options of nature interpretation exposure. They constitutes the prime habitats of Indian Tiger and Panther- the key species of this region, along with their herbivores denizens such as Sambar, Chital, Barking Deer, Nilgai, Gaur, Wild boar, Sloth bear, Chowsingha, etc. The following, PAs in close vicinity of Nagpur provide options of nature experiential learning.

· National Parks & Tiger Reserves: Pench, Nawegaon, Tadoba and Melghats.
· Sanctuaries: Bor, Nagzira, Tipeshwar, Andhari, etc.
· PAs in adjoining areas: Karmazari Tiger Reserve, Kanha National Park, Satpuda NP, Panchmarhi, etc

3.0 SITE DETAILS OF PROPOSED BIODIVERSITY PARK

3.1 The Raj Bhavan, Nagpur complex, comprising of main Raj Bhavan Building, Lawns & Gardens, staff quarters, areas assigned to charitable and voluntary institutions, municipal facilities and its adjoining forested tracts. The tract is hilly and undulating, at places, with varying slope and landscape values. The Raj Bhavan Main Building is situated on the top of the Seminary hill mount as a majestic towering monument and is approachable by a good network of internal roads linked to the entry gates. The entry is regulated through two gates situated one on the Sadar Bazar side [Eastern] and another on the Seminary Hills side [Western] of the complex. The entire complex is encircled by the boundary wall, delineating it, distinctively, from the rest of the city. It appears that the nature has itself studded a pink jewel on the green face of the orange-green city to spread green conscience and awareness around.

3.2 The proposed site in adjoins of Raj Bhavan extends over to an area of 49 hectares, having 19 hectares of area under the existing buildings, facilities and other non-forestry land uses. The remaining 30 hectares of the complex is under vegetative cover of different hues and density. A large portion of it is infested with Subabul [Leucaena leucocephala] and other invasive tree species of little aesthetic and conservation value. Spread of invasive species such as the subabul, tends to disturb the natural species composition and ecological balance of the site. The areas affected by invasive species, therefore, need specific treatment to restore its original species status and composition with focus on removal of unwanted species and filling the gaps, so caused, by native indicator species of the Nagpur region having sound aesthetic and environment value. The remaining area is comparatively open and support sparse vegetative cover, and hence need landscape plantation treatment by suitable species of aesthetic, environment amelioration, biodiversity conservation, medicinal and cultural values.

3.3 The Entry Gate points, approaching roads, surrounds of sanctum sanctorum, staff quarters, lawns, gardens, parking site, tract along the boundary and a few sites of special significance have special educational, recreational and conservational value and appeal. Hence, require treatment based on landscape plantation with focus of aesthetic and conservation of floral diversity.

3.4 Raj Bhavan, Nagpur complex site forms part of the Seminary Hills range, which is known for its scenic view and biodiversity conservation value. Due to its strategic location in the midst of Nagpur city, it aptly suits for developing into a floral Biopark [VANASPATI UDHYAN] for ‘conservation and showcasing the unique floral biodiversity and landscape values’ of the Gondwana landscape for generating green awareness in the Nagpur region.

3.5 The site map of the proposed site in adjoins of Raj Bhavan, Nagpur, showing the details of areas under various facilities and existing land uses is enclosed, herewith, as Diagram-I.

4.0 ESSENCE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF PROPOSALS

4.1 India has long tradition of maintaining green spaces, such as, sacred groves, nature parks, bioparks and gardens for disseminating conservation awareness and technical know-how for purpose of education, research and recreation. These greens function as the instruments of nature interpretation and showcasing natural landscape values; and also act as epicenters of green conscience- conservation awareness and sensitivity. Objective is to help citizen develop 'green mind and green personae' through conservation awareness and nature immersion exposures so that they grow as 'green citizen' who would take care and safeguard their natural environs and greens spaces.

4.2 Percepts, like, Vasudevam katunbkam, Live and let live’ and Trimurti (cosmic life-cycle) as well as venues and modes of seeking salvation (Moksha/Nirvana) such as Nishargdham, Vanprashth and Sanyas Ashramas, etc. were conceived in the ancient Indian cultural milieu. Over the ages, these concepts have gone deep into our psyche, as the guiding principles of way of life.

4.3 Nature nurtures its being and like a mother is the messiah to seek solutions of problems faced by humanity. Thus, Nisargam Sharnam Gachhami viz Back to Nature's Abode- appears to be the guiding principle to solve our riddles and seek salvation from bondages of life.

4.4 The conceptual framework of project proposals embodies holistic exhibition of floral biodiversity, landscape and associated ethnic values, so as to have a wholesome and deeper appeal on psyche of citizens and visitors. The Raj Bhavan site exhibits representative features of geographical formation and floral diversity of Gondwana landscape and hence would add aura of unique distinction to the proposed facility.

4.5 The Raj Bhavan, Nagpur complex have been proposed for developing on the lines of a ‘theme park’ with the view to convey the residents and the visiting public a clear message through a story-line running through different themes, zonation features, view points and exhibits. The theme and message intended is given, as under.

· Theme: ‘Conservation and showcasing the unique floral biodiversity, landscape and ethnic values of Gondwana landscape’ for promoting green conscience, conservation awareness and nature experiential learning in the Nagpur region.
· Message: Service to the nature is service to the mankind: Love and respect nature. Immerse in nature to seek its blessings and bliss, alike, a child who finds solace in his mother’s lap.

4.6 The conceptual framework is in consonance to holist view of nature and its wild creations put forth by various visionaries, in the past, and is summed up, as follows;

‘Nature is whole and interconnected…… We need another and a wiser and perhaps a more mystical concept of animals. Wild spaces and their animal communities are like ‘other nations’…… They are not brethren, they are not underlings, and they are other nations, caught with ourselves, in the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of splendor and travail of earth (Henry Beston, 1928).

Landscape Immersion Theory (Jones & Jones, 1976) is based on, the following, foundation;

· Nature is the model: copy nature, not other artificial creations.
· If we would teach respect for nature, we must present nature respectfully.
· Demonstrate landscape, as appropriate habitat and ecosystem.
· Immerse visitors in simulated or restored natural landscape dominated by natural forms, without distracting views of crowds, barriers and support structure.
5.0 GENESIS AND OUTLINES OF PROJECT PROPOSALS

5.1 Proposed site in adjoins of Raj Bhavan Complex, being a part of Seminary Hill forest tract – the Green Lung of Nagpur City- is a significance site for locational and ecological point of view. A large chunk of the Raj Bhavan complex is under forest cover, supporting both the native and exotic species, especially, on the hill slopes along its eastern and south-western side. A significant portion of the forest cover has been invaded by the subabul and other invasive species that has caused imbalance in species composition of the site. A part of complex, on north-eastern side, primarily, is open and supports grasses and bushes of little ecological and conservation value. Spread of subabul and other invasive species in the Raj Bhavan complex forested areas is an indicator of ecological imbalance and degradation of site factors setting in the healthy functioning of Seminary Hills, forest ecosystem.

5.2 The concern was expressed by Raj Bhavan, Nagpur administration for checking the spread of the invasive species through landscaping and plantation mode to restore its site quality, beauty, species composition and ecological status. A meeting to this effect was held under the Chairmanship of the Secretary to Governor of Maharashtra in the Conference Hall at Raj Bhavan, Nagpur on dated 18th July, 2008, in which, subject of landscaping and plantation of Raj Bhavan Complex, Nagpur was discussed. It was proposed to check the spread of subabul and other invasive species in the Raj Bhavan Complex by removal and filling up of the gaps by suitable native species of conservation, aesthetic, environment amelioration and ethno-medicinal value. The Social Forestry, Department, at Nagpur, was assigned the task of reconnaissance survey and preparation of proposals indicating requirement of funds for this purpose.

5.3 In view to the decision taken in the meeting, survey was carried out on dated 15.10.2008 by the officials of the Social Forestry Department, at Nagpur. Thereafter, discussions were held with Officer Incharge, Raj Bhavan, Nagpur; and proposal for and landscape plantation and beautification of Raj Bhavan Complex, Nagpur have been prepared and submitted to the Secretary to the Governor of Maharashtra vide letter No.Desk-3/Steno/08-09/7004 dated 20.1.2009.

6.0 SALIENT ASPECTS AND COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT PROPOSALS.

The salient components of project proposals have been given, as under.

6.1 ZONATION OF THE PROPOSED SITE

The Raj Bhavan Complex, SEMINARY HILLS, Nagpur extended over to 49.00 ha area on north-eastern front of Seminary Hill tract. For purpose of simplicity and effective differential treatment to areas under different land uses, it is proposed to classify the area under, the following, zonation or category.

· Zone I: Area under Raj Bhavan Building & associated structures, Lawns, Gardens, Municipal facilities and areas assigned to educational and charity institutions, extending to 19 Ha area.
· Zone II: Open tract along north-eastern flank, invaded by grasses and shrubs, having sparse vegetation cover; extending over to 10 Ha of area .
· Zone III: Areas with vegetation cover; invaded by Subabul and other invasive species; extending to 20 Ha areas.
· Zone IV: 20 Meter wide strip along the Boundary wall. Zone

· Zone V: 10 Meter wide strip along both sides of internal approach roads

6.2) PROPOSED MANAGEMENT TREATMENT AND OPTIONS

The management options to achieve holistically the aims of project proposals include differential management strategy for each zone. Each Zone is proposed to provide management treatment and option matching with the site conditions, nature of vegetation and overall aim and objectives of the project proposals.

6.21) Zone I: These areas are under assigned land uses and hence no treatment is proposed. Landscaping and beautification of surrounds of Raj Bhavan Building and associated structures would be carried out as per
the landscape plan of the Raj Bhavan complex.

6.22) Zone II: These areas are proposed for cleaning operations of unwanted invasive species. The areas, thereafter, are proposed for delineation under distinct category of plantations models under the following themes.
i) Bambucetum: 2.00 Ha of areas is proposed for creating Bambucetum of about 20- 40 selected species of bamboo in India. 20 Plants of each selected species is proposed for planting in a sub-plot of size [25Mx20M= 500 Sq. M]; at spacing 5M X 5M.
ii) Ethno-botanical collection/Medicinal Plants: 3.00 Ha of area is proposed for creating medicinal plants unit [Ethno-botanical collection]. Trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers would have separated sections.

· Tree Collections: 1 Ha area is proposed for delineation. 25 species are proposed for collection of tree species. 25 plants of each species is proposed for plantation at spacing 4M x 4M in sub-unit of [20M x 20M = 400 sq. M]
· Shrub Species: 1 Ha area is proposed for delineation for shrub collection. 25 species of shrubs are proposed for collection. Spacing and sub-unit size is proposed, as same, as that of tree species.
· Herb and climber collection: 1 Ha area is proposed for this collection. 25 species of herbs and 25 species of climbers are proposed for collection and planting at suitable spacing in sub-units of size [20M x 20M = 400 sq. M].

iii) Sacred Species Collection: 2 Ha of the area is proposed for delineation for this purpose. 50 sacred species, having reference in religious scriptures/practices are proposed for collection. 25 plants of each species is proposed for plantation in sub-units of size [20M x 20M = 400 sq. M].

iv) Ornamental & Environment friendly species collection: 2 Ha area is proposed for delineation for this collection. 25 species of each category [Ornamental & Environment friendly species] is proposed for collection. 25 plants of each species is proposed for plantation at 4M x 4M spacing in distinct sub-units of size [20M x 20M = 400 sq. M].

v) Cactus species Collection: 1 Ha area is proposed for delineation for this purpose. 50 species of cactus are proposed for collection and plantation to develop it into a Cactus Garden.

6.23) Zone III: For these areas the following management options are proposed.

i) Removal of subabul and other invasive species in the areas.
ii) Cleaning of area for alignment and delineation into hectare units.
iii) Delineating each Ha Unit into sub-Units of size [50M X 50 M = 2500 sq. M]
iv) Plantation of each ¼ Ha Unit with one distinct environment friendly and one distinct ornamental species in combination [Environment friendly species: Ornamental species : : 64 Plants : 36 Plants}; at 5M x 5M spacing, in a specially designed pattern, where ornamental species is planted in 5th and 6th Rows and Columns in each ¼ Ha units.
v) Each sub-unit is proposed to have distinct combination of the environment friendly and ornamental species for plantation.
vi) One combination is not proposed to be repeated in same Ha Unit and in the adjoining Ha Unit.
vii) Size of pit for plantation is proposed of size 45 cm cube; and 60 cm cube on difficult sites.

6.24) Zone IV: It comprises 20 M wide strip along the boundary wall. The strip is proposed to be planted with environment friendly and ornamental species in combination in distinct rows at 5 M spacing. The proposed plantation pattern would be, as follows.
i) Each 100 M stretch of boundary would a one distinct combination of 2 Environment friendly and 2 Ornamental species.
ii) Planting pattern would have, the ornamental species in 2 rows, running together supported by one row of environment friendly species on each side.
iii) Bamboo would be planted at 10 M spacing along the boundary.
iv) No combination would repeat in 1 Km stretch on both side.

6.25) Zone V : The 10 M wide stretch along the roads would be planted with ornamental and aromatic species of trees and plants in 2 Rows at 5 M spacing in, the following, pattern.
i) Tree species [flowering] would be planted in outer rows; other plants in inner row along roads.
ii) Each road would have distinct combination of trees and plants [Avenue] associating to a definite feature/theme and/or cause of Nagpur region.
iii) Species of aromatic and aesthetic value including exotics are proposed in the inner rows, whereas, native flowering species are proposed for plantation in the outer row, at defined spacing.
iv) Interpretation material is proposed to be displayed at each prominent point in shape of information boards or exhibits for disseminating green awareness.
v) Signs and directions would be displayed in appropriate colors and sizes.
vi) Do’s and Don’ts would be displayed at appropriate places for benefit of visitors.

7.0 LANDSCAPING OF THE PROPSED SITE

i) The entire site, adjoining Rajbhawan, Nagpur Complex, Seminary Hills, Nagpur is proposed for landscaping and beautification to enhance its aesthetic and interpretational value and appeal by providing interpretational exhibits, watch towers and nature trail at suitable sites. The following action points are proposed, to this affect.
ii) Services of expert in the field would be hired to prepare landscape plan and associated maps in conformity with the theme and objectives of project proposals and also to seek his expert help and advice for implementation of the same.
iii) Identify sites for landscaping and integrate it with the project theme.
iv) Identify points and themes, including watchtowers for enhancing view and birds nests for enhancing bird watching experience, for purpose of delineation of nature trail and display of interpretational information and exhibits and also set up view points and resting places along the nature trail.

8.0 NATURE INTERPRETATION & INFORMATION CENTER AT PROPOSED SITE

It is proposed to set up Nature Interpretation Center at proposed site at Seminary Hills, Nagpur with audio-visual display and interpretational facility. The center would undertake the following works during the project period.
i) Prepare check list of flora and fauna in the Raj Bhavan complex and document it for reference and use by the institutions and citizens.
ii) Prepare database of Raj Bhavan Complex, its facilities and assets, including natural wealth and its ecological significance and update it regularly.
iii) Help implement and monitor project proposals and species collection in shape of the Gondwana floral Biopark [Gondwana Vanaspati Udhyan].

9.0 FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT OF PROJECT PROPOSALS

i) The Project proposal comprising of the above salient component requires amount Rs.139.15 Lakhs for wholesome implementation. The detailed year-wise flow chart and break-up of financial requirement for proposed works is included herewith, as Annexure- 1.
ii) It is proposed to be implemented for the period of 3 years commencing from 2009-10 to 2011-12.
iii) To initiate project on priority, initial funds of Rs. 62.15 Lakhs is required for financial year 2009-10.

10.0 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT PROPOSALS

On dated 18.1.2009, meeting was held, at the Conference Hall, Raj Bhavan, Nagpur under the Chairmanship of the Secretary to the Governor of Maharashtra to deliberate on issues of the institutional arrangement and financial provisions for implement the project proposals. The following, aspects were put forth for early facilitation and approval of the project.
(i) Revised year-wise flow chart of funds required for undertaking the project of landscaping and tree plantation in the Raj Bhavan Complex would be prepared and put forth to the Mineral Ore India Ltd., Nagpur for provision of requisite funds, to this effect.
(ii) Removal of subabul trees would be carried out by calling tenders and the amount so recovered as royalty would be used for cleaning operations and other preliminary works related to the project.
iii) Services of experts would be hired for preparing the landscape Maps and Action Plan for the entire Raj Bhavan Complex, Nagpur.
iv) The Social Forestry Department, at Nagpur would be the Nodal Agency for implementation of the project proposals; and other departments like Forest Department, MOIL, NMC, etc. would assist in implementation of the project, as and when, so required.
v) A team of officials associated with the project proposals would visit Raj Bhavan, Bhopal, Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi and Chandigarh city for the purpose of studying the landscaping and beautification aspect of tree plantation and bring home experience of those sites, for purpose of this project.
vi) An Advisory Committee would be constituted involving officials from Social Forestry, Forest Department, Mineral Ore India Ltd., Nagpur and other associated institutions at Nagpur to assist in implementation of the project proposals.

11.00 In view of the decisions taken in the above meeting, revised proposals for plantation and landscaping of Biopark site, adjoining Raj Bhavan, Seminary Hills, Nagpur have been prepared and enclosed herewith for necessary approval. The detailed estimate and year-wise break-up [Flow chart] is enclosed, as Annexure- I.
i) The salient components of project proposals and estimated financial requirement are given, as under.